Cases

Track & field

Hecox (Idaho) & B.P.J. (West Virginia) — State Statutes Protecting Girls’ Sports

October 2025 While Title IX has, for years, clearly permitted separate categories for males and females in athletics, activists began a coordinated effort to force entities to accept males on female teams.  In response, in March 2020, Idaho Governor Brad Little signed the Fairness in Women’s Sports Act into law. Idaho was the first state to pass such a law, re-clarifying that its state law protects…

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Girl with backpack Vitsaxaki

Analysis: Release Time From Public Schools for Religious Instruction

October 2025 In Pennsylvania, state law mandates that schools must permit students to be dismissed for up to thirty-six (36) hours per school year for religious instruction.  “Release-Time Programs” operate to provide religious instruction to students during the school day at off-site locations. This memorandum is provided to clarify frequently asked questions and common concerns that school…

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ADF Kaley Chiles

Case Page: Chiles v. Salazar

Chiles, a Christian, views her career as an outgrowth of her faith. She believes that people flourish when they live consistently with God’s design for marriage and sexuality. Many of her clients seek her counsel precisely because their faith matters to them and they desire counseling that will help them align their life goals and behavior, including their sexuality, with their convictions. However,…

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Male and female restroom

Analysis: Pennsylvania School Restroom & Locker Room Privacy

July 2025 We show respect for the dignity of all people by providing separate space for males and females in instances where privacy between the two sexes is relevant, such as in restrooms, showers, locker rooms, and overnight accommodations like dorm rooms and hotel rooms on school trips. The distinctions between the two sexes are the reason our society has had separate locker rooms, showers, and…

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Girls sports

Analysis: Pennsylvania Women’s Athletics & Sex-Distinct Sports Policies

June 2025 - Athletic teams have long been separated by male and female in order to foster safety, fairness, and athletic opportunities for women and girls. While sex distinctions were generally prohibited under Title IX, these reasonable sex-based distinctions were permitted, even required, in order to carry out Title IX’s purpose of creating educational and athletic opportunities on the basis of…

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Foote v. Ludelow

Foote v. Ludlow School Committee – Parental Rights – School Secretly Transitioning Children

A public school in Ludlow, Massachusetts, socially transitioned children without their parents’ consent or knowledge.  Staff were required to intentionally deceive parents by using the children’s legal names and sex-based pronouns when speaking to parents, but use “genderqueer” names and pronouns elsewhere. Once the parents discovered what was happening, school officials at Ludlow ignored…

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